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It is the largest country in the world by areaextending across eleven time zones and sharing land borders with fourteen countries. Russia is a highly urbanised country including 16 population centres with over a million inhabitants. Its capital and largest city is Moscow.
Saint Petersburg is Russia's second-largest city and its cultural capital. Kievan Rus' ultimately disintegrated; the Grand Duchy of Moscow led the unification of Russian lands, leading to the proclamation of the Tsardom of Russia in By the early 18th century, Russia had vastly expanded through conquest, annexation, and the efforts of Russian explorersdeveloping into the Russian Empirewhich remains the third-largest empire in history.
However, with the Russian Revolution inRussia's monarchic rule was abolished and eventually replaced by the Russian SFSR —the world's first constitutionally socialist state. At the expense of millions of livesthe Soviet Union viktenhet ryssland rapid industrialisation in the s and later played a decisive role for the Allies in World War II by leading large-scale efforts on the Eastern Front.
With the onset of the Cold Warit competed with the United States for ideological dominance and international influence. The Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievementsincluding the viktenhet ryssland human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space.
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A new constitution was adopted, which established a federal semi-presidential system. Since the turn of the century, Russia's political system has been dominated by Vladimir Putinunder whom the country has experienced democratic backsliding and become an authoritarian dictatorship. Russia has been militarily involved in a number of conflicts in former Soviet states and other countriesincluding its war with Georgia in and its war with Ukraine sincewhich has involved the internationally unrecognised annexations of Ukrainian viktenhet ryssland including Crimea in and four other regions in during an ongoing invasion.
It possesses the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons and has the third-highest military expenditure. Russia is generally considered a great power and is a regional power.
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Internationally, Russia ranks very low in measurements of democracyhuman rights and freedom of the press ; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. As ofRussia has a high-income economy which ranks eleventh in the world by nominal GDP and sixth at purchasing power parityrelying on its vast mineral and energy resources ; the world's viktenhet ryssland for oil production and natural gas production.
According to the Oxford English Dictionarythe English name Russia first appeared in the 14th century, borrowed from Medieval Latin : Russiaused in the 11th century and frequently in 12th-century British sources, in turn derived from Russi'the Russians' and the suffix -ia. There are several words in Russian which translate to "Russians" in English. Viktenhet ryssland to the Primary Chroniclethe word Rus' is derived from the Rus' peoplewho were a Swedish tribe, and where the three original members of the Rurikid dynasty came from.
The first human settlement on Russia dates back to the Oldowan period in the early Lower Paleolithic.
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About 2 million years ago, representatives of Homo erectus migrated to the Taman Peninsula in southern Russia. The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45, years, in Western Siberia. In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later viktenhet ryssland by Huns. Between the 3rd and 6th centuries CE, the Bosporan Kingdomwhich was a Hellenistic polity that succeeded the Greek colonies, [ 56 ] was also overwhelmed by nomadic invasions led by warlike tribes such as the Huns and Eurasian Avars.
The ancestors of Russians are among the Slavic tribes that separated from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who appeared in the northeastern part of Europe c. From the 7th century onwards, the incoming East Slavs slowly assimilated the native Finno-Ugrians. The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangiansthe Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas.
According to the Primary Chroniclea Varangian from the Rus' peoplenamed Rurikwas elected ruler of Novgorod in Inhis successor Oleg ventured south and conquered Kievwhich had been previously paying tribute to the Khazars. In the 10th to 11th centuries, Kievan Rus' became one of the largest and most prosperous states in Europe. The reigns of Vladimir the Great — and his son Yaroslav the Wise — constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantiumand the creation of the first East Slavic written legal codethe Russkaya Pravda.
Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west. Kievan Rus' finally fell to the Mongol invasion of —, which resulted in the sacking of Kiev and other cities, as well as the death of a major part of the population. In the northeast, the Byzantine-Slavic traditions of Kievan Rus' were adapted to form the Russian autocratic state.
After the fall of Constantinople inMoscow claimed succession to the legacy of the Eastern Roman Empire. The tsar promulgated a new code of laws Sudebnik ofestablished the first Russian feudal representative body the Zemsky Soborrevamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local viktenhet ryssland. Ultimately, by the end of the 16th century, Russia expanded east of the Ural Mountains.
The death of Ivan's sons marked the end of the ancient Rurik dynasty inand in combination with the disastrous famine of —led to a civil war, the rule of pretenders, and foreign intervention during the Time of Troubles in the early 17th century. Russia continued its territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of the Cossacks.
Ultimately, Ukraine was split along the Dnieperleaving the eastern part, Left-bank Ukraine and Kiev under Russian rule. Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian River Routesand by the midth century, there were Russian settlements in eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsulaalong the Amur Riverand on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. Under Peter the GreatRussia was proclaimed an empire inand established itself as one of the European great powers.